Спряжение глагола «to include» (Английский язык)
Глагол to include – правильный глагол в английском языке, в переводе на русский означает: заключать, содержать в себе; включать.
| Infinitive | to include |
|---|---|
| Simple past | included |
| Past participle | included |
| -s | includes |
| -ing | including |
Include in present simple
Утверждение
He includes
She includes
It includes
Отрицание
He does not include
She does not include
It does not include
Вопрос
Does he include?
Does she include?
Does it include?
Include in present continuous
Утверждение
He is including
She is including
It is including
Отрицание
He is not including
She is not including
It is not including
Вопрос
Is he including?
Is she including?
Is it including?
Include in present perfect
Утверждение
He has included
She has included
It has included
Отрицание
He has not included
She has not included
It has not included
Вопрос
Has he included?
Has she included?
Has it included?
Include in present perfect continuous
Утверждение
He has been including
She has been including
It has been including
Отрицание
I have not been including
You have not been including
He has not been including
She has not been including
It has not been including
We have not been including
You have not been including
They have not been including
Вопрос
Has he been including?
Has she been including?
Has it been including?
Include in past simple
Утверждение
He included
She included
It included
Отрицание
He did not include
She did not include
It did not include
Вопрос
Did he include?
Did she include?
Did it include?
Include in past continuous
Утверждение
He was including
She was including
It was including
Отрицание
He was not including
She was not including
It was not including
Вопрос
Was he including?
Was she including?
Was it including?
Include in past perfect
Утверждение
He had included
She had included
It had included
Отрицание
He had not included
She had not included
It had not included
Вопрос
Had he included?
Had she included?
Had it included?
Include in past perfect continuous
Утверждение
He had been including
She had been including
It had been including
Отрицание
You had not been including
He had not been including
She had not been including
It had not been including
We had not been including
You had not been including
They had not been including
Вопрос
Had he been including?
Had she been including?
Had it been including?
Include in future simple
Утверждение
He will include
She will include
It will include
Отрицание
He will not include
She will not include
It will not include
Вопрос
Will he include?
Will she include?
Will it include?
Include in future continuous
Утверждение
He will be including
She will be including
It will be including
Отрицание
You will not be including
He will not be including
She will not be including
It will not be including
You will not be including
They will not be including
Вопрос
Will he be including?
Will she be including?
Will it be including?
Include in future perfect
Утверждение
He will have included
She will have included
It will have included
Отрицание
You will not have included
He will not have included
She will not have included
It will not have included
We will not have included
You will not have included
They will not have included
Вопрос
Will he have included?
Will she have included?
Will it have included?
Include in future perfect continuous
Утверждение
I will have been including
You will have been including
He will have been including
She will have been including
It will have been including
We will have been including
You will have been including
They will have been including
Отрицание
I will not have been including
You will not have been including
He will not have been including
She will not have been including
It will not have been including
We will not have been including
You will not have been including
They will not have been including
Вопрос
Will I have been including?
Will you have been including?
Will he have been including?
Will she have been including?
Will it have been including?
Will we have been including?
Will you have been including?
Will they have been including?
Include in conditional present
Утверждение
He would include
She would include
It would include
Отрицание
He would not include
She would not include
It would not include
Вопрос
Would he include?
Would she include?
Would it include?
Include in conditional present progressive
Утверждение
He would be including
She would be including
It would be including
Отрицание
You would not be including
He would not be including
She would not be including
It would not be including
We would not be including
You would not be including
They would not be including
Вопрос
Would he be including?
Would she be including?
Would it be including?
Include in conditional perfect
Утверждение
He would have included
She would have included
It would have included
Отрицание
I would not have included
You would not have included
He would not have included
She would not have included
It would not have included
We would not have included
You would not have included
They would not have included
Вопрос
Would he have included?
Would she have included?
Would it have included?
Include in conditional perfect progressive
Утверждение
I would have been including
You would have been including
He would have been including
She would have been including
It would have been including
We would have been including
You would have been including
They would have been including
Отрицание
I would not have been including
You would not have been including
He would not have been including
She would not have been including
It would not have been including
We would not have been including
You would not have been including
They would not have been including
Вопрос
Would I have been including?
Would you have been including?
Would he have been including?
Would she have been including?
Would it have been including?
3 формы глагола в английском. Правильные и неправильные глаголы.
Regular & Irregular Verbs
Глагол – ну просто царь среди всех английских частей речи. Чтобы понять формулу образования большинства английских времен, ну и, собственно, начать грамотно строить предложения, нужно знать что из себя представляют 3 формы глагола и как же их выучить? Сегодня поговорим именно о них, поехали!
3 формы глагола: что это такое?
Все слышали что есть три таинственные формы, но что это за формы, почему три, и зачем они нужны? Давайте разберемся. Начнем с перечисления всех форм. Обозначаются они по-разному — просто цифрой или буковой V (verb — глагол) c цифрой:
- Первая форма глагола (V) – это инфинитив без частицы to.
- Вторая форма глагола (V2) – это форма простого прошедшего времени.
- Третья форма глагола (V3) – это причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II).
- Есть еще четвертая форма (V-ing)– причастие настоящего времени (Participle I), но с ней все очень просто – она образуется одинаково для всех глаголов, поэтому учим мы именно только те самые злосчастные «три формы глагола».
Зачем нужно знать 3 формы английских глаголов?
Именно на них и строится образование всех времен английского языка. Если мы посмотрим на таблицу английских времен, мы увидим, что каждое время строится по своей формуле, и в каждой формуле нам нужен глагол в определенной форме:
| Past | Present | Future | |
| Simple | V2 | V (-s) | will + V |
| Continuous | was/were + V-ing | am/is/are + V-ing | will be + V-ing |
| Perfect | had + V3 | has/have + V3 | will have V3 |
| Perfect continuous | had been + V-ing | has/have been + V-ing | will have been + V-ing |
Если даже вы еще не знакомы с английскими временами, посмотрите на таблицу и попробуйте уловить логику. Для образования времен нам необходим глагол в нужной форме, и часто необходим еще и вспомогательный глагол (am, is, are, have, was, will и т.д.). Про вспомогательные глаголы можно почитать вот здесь, сегодня говорим про основные.
- Первая форма — это основная, базовая форма глагола, инфинитив без to. С помощью первой формы образуется время Present simple (простое настоящее время). А Future simple (простое будущее время) образуется с помощью первой формы и вспомогательного глагола will.
- Вторая форма глагола нужна нам для образования времени Past simple (простое прошедшее время). Поэтому она и называется формой прошедшего времени.
- Третья форма это причастие прошедшего времени, которое вместе со вспомогательными глаголами has, have, и had участвует в образовании абсолютно всех времен группы Perfect (совершенных). Сугубо как причастие она употребляется также в причастных оборотах и отдельно.
- В продолженных временах мы к первой форме добавляется окончание –ing, так образуется та самая четвертая форма глагола. Она и нужна для времен группы Continues. Здесь на помощь приходит вспомогательный глагол be. Данная форма еще называется причастием настоящего времени, и тоже употребляется отдельно.
Как видите, без знания форм глагола просто невозможно сформулировать ни одного предложения! Теперь вернемся к нашей основной теме, что же это за неправильные глаголы?
Правильные и неправильные глаголы
Большинство английских глаголов образуют вторую и третью форму по правилу – к инфинитиву добавляется окончание –ed. Это и есть правильные глаголы:
- Finish – finished – finished (заканчивать)
- Live – lived – lived (жить)
- Ask – asked – asked (спрашивать)
- Like-liked-liked (нравиться)
- Change-changed-changed (менять)
И так далее, с этими глаголами все очень просто. Но есть неправильные глаголы. Это те, которые образуют вторую и третью не по правилу, они имеют каждый свои уникальные формы. Почему так? Неправильные глаголы – это сохранившиеся со времен староанглийского языка глагольные формы. То есть, те спряжения глаголов, которые существовали в древнеанглийском языке, и как особо употребительные глаголы, они дошли до нас в неизменном виде.
Никакой логики в образовании форм у неправильных глаголов нет, поэтому их возможно только выучить. Таких глаголов довольно много – около 500, но достаточно выучить самые распространенные и употребляемые в языке. Давайте посмотрим на примеры:
- Bring – brought – brought (приносить)
- Do – did – done (делать)
- Write – wrote – written (писать)
- Put – put – put (класть)
- Have – had — had (иметь)
Как видите, у одних глаголов все три формы разные, у других вторая и третья формы одинаковые, либо первая и третья, у некоторых вообще все формы идентичны. Также есть глаголы, у которых все формы пишутся одинаково, а читаются по-разному, например, глагол «читать»:
- read [ri:d]- read [rǝd]- read [rǝd] (читать)
Вот и вся теория! Как вы наверняка уже поняли, очень важно знать неправильные глаголы. Хотя бы самые важные и часто встречающиеся в языке. Все 3 формы глагола вам пригодятся, так что лучше начать учить их. Способы существуют разные, от зубрежки до песенок и стихов с неправильными глаголами. Выберите то, что подходит вам. Специально для этой цели мы приготовили для вас 20 наиболее распространенных неправильных глаголов в таблице. Начните с них, они довольно не сложные и точно вам пригодятся! Надеюсь, материал был для вас полезен, удачи в дальнейшем обучении!
Источник статьи: http://englishka.ru/glagoly/tri-formy-glagola-pravilnye-i-nepravilnye/